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Aluminum alloy low pressure die casting

Low-pressure casting began in the early 20th century and was the first to be industrialized in Europe and the United States. It is the mainstream mature process for aluminum alloy precision casting. In the early days, it was mostly used in the production of containers and pipe fittings. Now it is widely used in the manufacturing of high-end castings such as automobile wheels, engine cylinder heads, and new energy structural parts. This process has smooth mold filling, dense castings, fewer defects, and high yield, but the production pace is slow and the equipment investment is high. After years of technological upgrades, it has now achieved automation and precise pressure control, occupying an important position in the field of lightweight and high-quality casting. Our low-pressure die-casting products cover the fields of automobiles and trucks, ships and marine, engineering machinery, new energy, impellers and robots.

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What is low pressure casting?

Low-pressure casting, often called low-pressure die casting, is a precision casting process that uses low air pressure to steadily press molten metal into the mold cavity from bottom to top, and solidifies it under pressure. Its working principle is to pass dry compressed air above the sealed insulated crucible and act on the surface of the molten metal, causing the molten metal to rise steadily along the liquid riser pipe and pouring system, evenly filling the mold cavity. After the mold filling is completed, the pressure is maintained until the casting is completely solidified, thereby obtaining a casting with dense structure and stable internal quality. 

The filling process of this process is gentle and controllable, does not produce strong impact or air entrainment, and can effectively reduce defects such as pores, slag inclusions, shrinkage and porosity, and is especially suitable for the molding of non-ferrous alloys such as aluminum alloys.
Low-pressure casting has significant process advantages: the castings have high density, good air tightness, can be strengthened by heat treatment, the material utilization rate can reach more than 90%, no large risers are needed, the production process is stable, and the defect rate is low. Compared with gravity casting, low-pressure casting fills and solidifies under pressure. The interior of the casting is denser, the wall thickness is more uniform, and the molding accuracy is higher. Compared with high-pressure die casting, low-pressure casting fills the mold more smoothly, has fewer internal pores, can be welded and heat-treated, and is more suitable for key structural parts with high requirements for strength, air tightness, and reliability. With the advantages of high molding quality, good mechanical properties, high dimensional accuracy, and high material utilization, low-pressure casting is widely used in the production of automotive wheels, engine cylinder heads, gearbox casings, new energy vehicle structural parts, aerospace parts and other products that require extremely high strength and air tightness. It is a mature and representative precision forming technology in modern high-end equipment manufacturing.

Preparation before pouring (low pressure die casting)

◉ Mold preheating and cavity processing

Before production, the metal mold needs to be preheated to the temperature specified by the process to make the mold temperature uniform and stable to avoid defects such as cold shut, cracks and other defects in the casting due to excessive temperature differences. After preheating is completed, spray high-temperature release agent evenly on the surface of the mold cavity to lubricate, protect the mold, and facilitate casting demoulding. At the same time, clean the mold cavity to ensure that the surface is clean and free of debris.

◉ Inspection and assembly of liquid lifting system

Conduct a comprehensive inspection of the liquid riser pipe, sealing device and pipeline connection parts to ensure that the liquid riser pipe is smooth and free of blockage and cracks, and that the sealing structure is intact and does not leak. Reliably install the liquid riser pipe between the holding furnace and the mold to ensure a tight connection with the crucible and pouring port, and provide a stable channel for subsequent pressure filling.

◉ Preparation of molten metal and confirmation of process parameters

Aluminum alloy and other raw materials are smelted, degassed, slag removed and refined according to the proportions, so that the composition and temperature of the molten metal meet the process requirements. At the same time, confirm the height of the molten metal level and check key process parameters such as pressure, time, and temperature to ensure that the equipment control system operates normally and meets the low-pressure filling and pressure-maintaining solidification conditions.

◉ Sand core preparation and positioning (on demand)

For castings with complex structures, inner cavities or special holes, resin sand can be used to prepare sand cores in advance. After the sand core has been cured, trimmed, and dried, it is accurately placed and fixed at the designated position in the mold cavity to ensure that it does not shift or fall off during the mold closing and filling processes, and meets the needs of complex structure molding.

◉ Mold clamping, sealing and air tightness testing

Accurately close and lock the upper and lower molds, and check the closing status of the mold parting surface. Conduct air tightness tests on the holding furnace and gas supply system to ensure that the entire pressure circuit is leak-free, ensure stable pressure during the pouring process, and avoid quality problems such as insufficient mold filling, misfire, and loose castings.

7 steps for low pressure die casting

01

Preparation before pouring

02

Mold clamping

03

Liquid Lifting and Filling

04

Pressure solidification

05

Pressure relief and reflux

06

Mold opening and picking up

07

Casting post-processing

Advantages and Limitations of Low-Pressure Die Casting Process

-- Advantages of low pressure die casting process

• Stable and efficient production: process pressure and speed can be accurately controlled, and with automated equipment and closed-loop control systems, it is easy to achieve automated continuous production with strong process consistency and high yield rate.
• High-quality castings: smooth mold filling without turbulence and spatter, high dimensional accuracy of castings, smooth surface, sufficient solidification and feeding under pressure, dense internal structure, few pores and shrinkage defects, and reliable mechanical properties.
• High metal utilization rate: bottom injection molding is used to avoid liquid slag; no need for a large number of risers, unsolidified metal can be reused in the reflow crucible, and the material utilization rate is significantly higher than conventional permanent mold casting.

• Strong molding adaptability: The fluidity of molten metal increases under pressure, and thin-walled castings with clear outlines and complex structures can be formed to meet the manufacturing needs of lightweight and precision structural parts.

-- Limitations of low pressure die casting process

• The initial investment cost is high: the cost of special equipment, sealed holding furnaces and metal molds is high, the structure is complex, and the manufacturing cycle is long, making it more suitable for medium and large-volume production.
• Low production efficiency: The mold filling and pressure holding solidification time are long, the single-piece cycle is higher than that of high-pressure die casting, and the production efficiency is relatively low.
• High cost of consumables and maintenance: crucibles and riser tubes are exposed to high-temperature molten metal for a long time and are susceptible to corrosion and thermal fatigue damage, so they need to be replaced regularly. Traditional iron pipe fittings also have the risk of iron contamination, and ceramic riser tubes are now used to improve them.
• Limited structural adaptability: It is difficult to form extremely complex structures with deep cavities and multiple dead ends, and the mold exhaust and cooling design requirements are strict.

Our low pressure die casting material range

• National standards (GB/T standards): ZL104, ZL101A, ZL102
• International standards (ISO standards): EN AC-42100, EN AC-44200, EN AC-44300
• American Society for Testing and Materials standards (ASMT standards): A356, A360, A413​
• Japanese standards (JIS standards): AC4C, AC3A, AC4B
• British Standard (BS Standard): LM6, LM9, LM25​
• French standards (NF/EN standards): A-S7G, A-S13, A-S9G
• Russian standards (GOST standards): AJ19, AJ19-2, AK9

 

Material

China (GB/T)

International Standards (ISO)

USA (ASTM)

Japan (JIS)

Germany (DIN/EN)

UK (BS)

France (NF/EN)

Russia (GOST)

Italy (UNI/EN)

India (IS)

Cast aluminum alloy

ZL102

EN AC-42000

A413.0

AC3A

EN AC-44200

LM6

A-S13

АЛ9-2

EN AC-44200

AC3A

Cast aluminum alloy

ZL101A

EN AC-42100

A356.0

AC4C

EN AC-42100

LM25

A-S7G

АЛ9

EN AC-42100

A356.0

Cast aluminum alloy

EN AC-42200

A319.0

≈AC4CH

EN AC-42200

LM27

A-S9G

АЛ11

EN AC-42200

A319.0

Cast aluminum alloy

ZL104

EN AC-44300

A360.0

AC4B

EN AC-44300

LM9

A-S9G

АК9

EN AC-44300

A360.0

Cast aluminum alloy

ZL111

EN AC-43300

A380.0

≈AC4D

EN AC-43300

LM24

A-S12G

АЛ13

EN AC-43300

A380.0

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